Logo: Proper Interval Locality
Aspect’s Experiment and Photon Entanglement
Diagram 14 illustrates the experimental arrangement of Aspect’s experiment. The experimental detail, the EPR experiment and Bell’s inequality upon which the experiment was based are not described in this paper but these details can be found in numerous other sources. What this paper is interested in is the causal mechanism in space-time that allows spatially remote measurements of interactions to be correlated seemingly instantaneously.
Image: Aspect's Experimental Set Up
Conventional Interpretation.
The experiment was thought to consist of polarization measurements made on pairs of oppositely moving “photons” emitted simultaneously from single transitions by a calcium atom. The directions of polarization of the “photons” were parallel with each other but the polarization direction of the pairs was randomly distributed. It was thought that the photons once in flight existed in a superposition of all possible states until someone measures the polarisation of one photon. At that point the super-positioned wave-function of both photons collapses and the polarisation of the other photon becomes fixed even though no measurement has been made. This property is known as particle entanglement. The associated instantaneous collapse of the wave-function violates the special theory of relativity, creating an instantaneous form of communication between spatially remote objects which ignores the maximum speed limit imposed by the theory. Proper interval locality is able to explain this characteristic within the structure of Minkowski space-time providing a self-consistent framework for development of both relativistic and quantum mechanical characteristics of physics
In proper interval locality theory there is no requirement for a carrier object so in Aspect’s experiment there are no entangled particles; only correlated measurements.
In the proper interval locality model when the lasers excite a calcium atom it will immediately try to find receiver atoms to accept its energy of excitation. The calcium atom must achieve its ground state via a double cascade. It must simultaneously interact with two receiver atoms to rid itself of the energy of excitation. (Here simultaneously means both interactions occur at the same event on the world line of the donor atom). The atom will therefore have two associated beat frequencies at which it can interact with remote quantum entities. These frequencies will generate two correlated light wave-functions throughout space-time for all locations that are properly local to the source atom.
In Aspect’s experiment the donor atom and the absorber atoms are separated by polarisers. As explained in the earlier note the polarisation of the interactions will depend on the state of the donor atom. The localised presence of the donor atom and its associated wave-functions will only penetrate the polarisers when its properties are properly aligned with the polarisers. Penetration of the polarises for any event on the world-line of the donor atom will therefore depend on the atom being aligned with polarisers where its light cone intersects the polarisers’ world-lines. If the atom aligns with both polarisers then both wave-functions will penetrate to the far side of the polarisers and search for absorber atoms. If interactions occur then one absorber will respond to one wave function and another absorber some where else on the light cone will be forced to absorb energy in response to the remaining wave function and as both wave-functions originate from the same event on the donor atom they must be perfectly correlated. This perfect correlation will always occur regardless of how much switching is done to the apparatus prior to the light cone carrying the interactions. The correlation is also completely independent of the distance separating the three events.
The interaction is a triple entity affair. (Our conventional perception of this process causes us to think that we are observing four interaction involving five particles. Two of these particles, the non existent photonic particles, seem to be entangled and their behaviour involves some spooky process that violates the special theory of relativity The new interpretation sees only a single interaction involving three quantum systems who act without violating the fundamental mathematics of relativity and produce correlated results for spatially separated measurements).
Image: Aspect's Experiment Space-Time Diagram
Diagram 15 shows partially the space-time set-up for Aspect’s experiment. The new interpretation says any event on the world-line of the calcium atom will be projected onto our space and time reference system as a light cone. The light cone for event T0 is illustrated in the diagram. The curved blue line represents the proper interval between the source at time T0 and the World-line of the right hand side photo-multiplier. The interval between the T0 and the photo-multiple collapses at T3. On our reference frame this is where the light cone emerging from T0 intersects the photo-multiplier. T0 and T3 properly local and a donor atom at T0 can exchange energy with and absorber at T3. T1, T2, T4, T5, T6 are also properly local to the source at T0. Excited quantum entities in the source at T0 sense the states of other entities in their proper locality. The likelihood of a receiver atom been found in any part of the apparatus will depend on how the dynamic wave-functions emerging from source atoms develops in the apparatus.
The because the calcium atom must achieve its ground state by a double donation cascade there will now be two associated wave-functions developing as the light cone makes its temporal progression through the apparatus. The calcium atoms feel future properly local quantum entities for suitable acceptors. Since there are polarisers between the detector and the source then only when the source atom and polarisers are suitably aligned will acceptor atoms in the detector be able to pick up the energy of excitation. The results from the elements of the triple entity interact on either side of the experimental set up cannot be independent of each other since they have a common donor. Which means the outcome of polarisation measurements will show a higher level of correlation than if light was carried by independent particles.
Proper interval locality theory is based on Minkowski space-time which is the fundamental flat geometry of the world derived from the theory of relativity. The correlation of results from spatially separated measuring devices such as in Aspect’s experiment it is claimed violate special relativity. Proper interval locality theory shows this not to be true. On the contrary it is the characteristics of Minkowski space-time that provides the mechanism by which spatially remote events can be correlated (See diagram 3).
If proper interval locality is a true reflection of the nature of the universe then we live in a world of unimaginable connectivity where every point in space is packed with detailed information about trillions of remote objects, energies may appear from the other side of the universe and God can play dice with its inhabitants without violating his laws of causality.
Consistency with the Copenhagen Convention
When the first measurement is made the result will depend on the state of the apparatus and the donor system at events on their world line immediately prior to where the past light cone radiating out from the measurement event M1 intersects them. At point of measurement the result will be a response to the state of the donor system at the event where the donor world line is intersected by the past light cone from the measurement event. The measurement event M1 and the donation of the energy of excitation from the donor are part of a single interaction. They appear as separate events on a conventional space-time diagram but on a proper interval gridline transformation diagram we see only a single event. M1 thus coincides in space-time with the change in energy level of the donor system, event D1. The light wave-function representing the potential donation of energy from the donor system will be terminated at all points after the light cone radiating from event D1. This light cone of course intersects the world line of the 1st photo-multiplier at the measurement event M1. The light cone will intersect the second photo-multiplier at point of measurement, M2, regardless of the magnitude of spatial separation.
The measurement M1 clearly coincides with the termination of the light wave-function and at that point the polarisation measured by the system on one side of the apparatus becomes fixed. Any measurement on the opposite side of the apparatus will be measuring the same triple entity event its result will also be fixed and determined by the result of the first measurement.
This behaviour is consistent with Copenhagen convention. By adopting the proper interval locality method we see that special relativity now reinforces the Copenhagen convention and any inconsistency between quantum mechanics and relativity is removed.
Other pages:
This is the text-only version of this page. Click here to see this page with graphics.
Edit this page |
Manage website
Make Your Own Website: 2-Minute-Website.com